Wednesday, June 3, 2015

Brooklyn Bridge

Hi everybody!

This is our last post and today we are going to talk about the famous bridge from New York City: the Brooklyn Bridge.

 
Brooklyn Bridge, an icon from the city, is a suspension bridge which connects Manhattan and Brooklyn through the East River. It was completed in 1883 and it is one of the oldest bridges of the United States. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.
 

The construction of the bridge began in 1869. It was initially designed by German John Augustus Roebling, who had previously designed and constructed shorter suspension bridges, but this one has a main span of 486.3 m and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed too, with hybrid cable. For its towers, it was used limestone, granite and Rosendale cement.
 
While the construction was being done, Roebling had an injury that made his condition unable to physically supervise the construction. So, the solution was Roebling conducted the entire construction from his apartment with a view of the work. His wife, Emily Warren Roebling, helped him too providing the critical written link between her husband and the engineers and, as she had to supervise the bridge under her husband's guidance, Emily studied higher mathematics to understand in a better way his instructions. Finally, in May 24th 1883, the bridge was complete and ready to be inaugurated.
 
The day it was opened, there was a big ceremony where thousand people and many ships were present in the East Bay for the occasion. The president Chester A. Arthur and the Mayor from the city, Franklin Edson, were the first ones to pass the bridge. As Roebling was unable to go to the ceremony, Arthur shook hands with him at his house after the ceremony and Roebling held a party banquet in the same day of the bridge opening. There were more festivities to celebrate the opening. For example, the performance of a band, gunfire from ships, and a fireworks display.
 

The bridge was renovated right now, we can say. The idea to renovate it began in 2010, with a plan that the full bridge was going to be renewed. The renovation began in spring 2011 and was originally scheduled to run until 2014, but the project was delayed to April 2015.
 

Cultural references
You know this bridge has been noticed in the culture. For example, Cuban poet José Martí wrote an article titled "The Bridge of Brooklyn" for the magazine La América, published in June 1883, shortly after the bridge opened to the public.

American Modernist poet Hart Crane used the Brooklyn Bridge as a central metaphor for his second and most important book of poetry, The Bridge.

Painting had also its pieces. For example, Albert Gleizes and his painting Brooklyn Bridge (Pont de Brooklyn). The bridge has been shown in films such as Gangs of New York, Kate & Leopold, It Happened in Brooklyn and other ones. It has been also shown in television series such as How I Met your Mother or CSI: NY.
 
 
Opinion and details
We all know how this bridge is an icon from New York. It is not only a big bridge, but also it is beautiful designed, and we can tell it was curious how it was completely constructed. However, the result is a bridge highly known and visited that almost everyone thinks that is gorgeous. We can also tell that at night, when the lights turn on in the bridge, it is awesome, as you can see on this picture:


By the time the bridge was constructed, it was the longest bridge in the world. People started to give names, like New York and Brooklyn Bridge or East River Bridge, but finally it was officially called Brooklyn Bridge. As you may know, it is also a pedestrian bridge.




This one is the last post of this blog. We really hope you have all enjoyed reading our weekly posts and learning a little about the American painting, sculpture, architecture and photography. We have tried to explain this extensive topic in an amusing and simply way so it would be pleasant and entertaining for you. We say you good bye hoping you have learnt at least a little about American art.

Even if the blog is done you can leave any comment or ask us whatever you want. We will be happy to answer questions about American art.

Until forever,
Carolina, Fani, Franny, Gloria and Patricia ✿



Bibliography:
- History - Roebling: The Story of the Brooklyn Bridge
- http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Brooklyn_Bridge.aspx
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Thursday, May 21, 2015

FAMOUS AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHS


This is the last post about American photography and, as it could not be otherwise, we are going to write about some of the most famous photographs of the United States of America. Those we have chosen are all related with a specific moment or situation of the U.S. history that we have seen in class.
 
 

1. Lunch atop a skyscraper

In this photograph you can see eleven laborers taking their lunch on a beam at 256 meters of altitude without any safety harness. They were working on the construction of the RCA Building (now called GE), one of the Rockefeller Center group of buildings in Manhattan, New York City, on September 20, 1932.
 
Three years ago, a DOC NYC movie about the secrets of the photograph was released. One of the mystery is the author of the picture because, even if it has been credited to Charles C. Ebbets, there is no evidence of it. Besides, the identities of the men in the image are still an enigma, even if the movie directors believed to have found the identities of two of them. Here you have the trailer of the movie:

Recently, it has been said that the photograph was in fact a publicity stunt made to promote the building that was almost finished. With or without secrets, the picture will always be one of the world’s most reproduced and a piece of American history.

Lunch atop a skyscraper
 

  
2. Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima is an historic photograph taken on 1945, by Joe Rosenthal, in which you can see five United States Marines and a United States Navy corpsman raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi, during the Battle of Iwo Jimain (World War II).

After four days of fights between U.S. and Japanese soldiers on this Pacific island, the fifth morning, February 23, these six soldiers decided to raised the American flag on the highest point of the island. At that moment, the photographer Joe Rosenthal was on the mountain taking photos for American newspapers and he quickly immortalize this moment without knowing that the picture would inspire a whole nation: the flag was a symbol of their fighting spirit.

Even if Rosenthal's photograph won the 1945 Pulitzer Prize for Photography (the only photograph to win the prize in the same year it was taken) it has been many time said that it was actually staged. Firstly because it was not the first flag raising on the island and secondly because he added to the confusion when he said that "some of the Marines staged for the picture", but he was talking about another picture. To defend himself, Rosenthal said that “I did not select this spot for the second flag. I did not select the men for the picture. I did not in any way signal for it to happen, but it was aware that it was going to happen”.
Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima
 
 
3. V-J Day in Times Square
The photograph known as V-J Day in Times Square, V-Day (that is, Victory over Japan Day), and The Kissing Sailor is an image that captured an epic moment in U.S. history - a sailor locked in a passionate kiss with a nurse in New York City's Times Square at the end of World War II. It was taken by Alfred Eisenstaedt on August 14, 1954, the day U.S. President Harry S. Truman announced the end of the war on Japan. It was published a week later in Life magazine with the following caption: In New York's Times Square a white-clad girl clutches her purse and skirt as an uninhibited sailor plants his lips squarely on hers.
V-J Day in Times Square
 
Regarding the protagonists identity, after decades of dispute because the photograph does not clearly show the faces of them and several people have claimed to be the subjects, the couple was revealed to be George Mendonsa and Greta Zimmer Friedman.



4. The 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute
On the morning of 16 October 1968, Two black American athletes have made history at the Mexico Olympics by staging a silent protest against racial discrimination of black people in the United States. Tommie Smith, the gold medalist, and John Carlos, the bronze medalist, bowed their head and raised a fist while the U.S. national anthem played.
 
As we have seen in class, it was the moment in which many blacks turned to the Black Power movement, after the Martin Luther King murder. They thought the only way for blacks to get justice was to fight for it. It was also the decade in which black Americans began taking new pride in their African ancestry and to be proud of being black (remember the “Black is beautiful” slogan). Smith and Carlos were also part of the generation of black Americans who, for the first time, were proudly identifying themselves as black men.
 
Even if Carlos and Smith saw their action as a moment of hope for all people and not as an act of political separatism, the International Olympic Committee ordered Smith and Carlos suspended from the U.S. team and banned from the Olympic Village.


The 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute
 
As we have said in the introduction, all these pictures illustrate a specific situation, era or movement of the United States: the Great Depression, the Second World Wide, the end of this War and, finally, the Black Power movement. Their authors and protagonists could not even imagine that their acts would be part of their nation and world history forever. That is one of the reasons why we like these pictures: because they all come from the hearth; those who appears on them could have planned their acts but they are not acting or posing.
 
We hope you have enjoy this section of our blog and that it will be useful for you to illustrate all this moment of the American history that we have seen in class.
 
Eventually, always remember this saying: “A picture is worth a thousand words”.
 
 
Bibliography:
● Information:

● Pictures:
 
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Saturday, May 16, 2015

Some memorial constructions in the USA


Hi everyone!
 
This is the last post about architecture, so I hope you like it specially! We are going to talk about a couple of important constructions of the 19th and 20th century.

1.The Lincoln memorial

This is a commemorative monument of neo-classical style situated in the National Mall in Washington DC created to honor the memory of the 16th president Abraham Lincoln, because as we know it was very important in the history of the United States.
 
The architect was Henry Bacon, a designer of the Beaux-Arts movement.
 
The building has the form of the ancient Greek Doric temples and it is decorated with quotes of two famous speeches of Lincoln and the well-known huge sculpture of the president, which is made of limestone of Indiana and marble from Colorado. It also has 36 columns of 44 feet (around 10 meters) that are around the building and represent the number of states that were part of the union at that time. In fact, every column has the name of its state recorded on them, and the rest of the states were added later on the walls.
 
The main room is next to two more rooms and in one of them, the "Gettysburg speech" is recorded on the south wall.
 
The second inaugural speech is also recorded on the north wall of the other room. Above these speeches, there are murals painted by Jules Gérin: an angel (representing the truth) setting free to a slave and the unity of the north and the south of North America. In the wall before the statue of the ex-president, there is this quote:

“IN THIS TEMPLE
AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE
FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION
THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
IS ENSHRINED FOREVER “


The Lincoln Memorial
 
This construction is a representation of the freedom that Lincoln fought so hard for. We have to mention that some important events has happened there, for exmaple, the famous speech by Marthin Luther King called “I have a dream”, the 28th August 1963. As a curiosity, the first stone was not put until the day of the birthday of Lincoln, the 12th February of 1914 and it was inaugurated the 30th of May of 1922 with the presence of his only son alive, Robert Todd Lincoln. Besides, the image of the Lincoln memorial appeared on the reverse of one penny coins until 2010 and on the five dollar bills.

Lincoln penny reverse

Five dollars bill reverse



2. The Washington monument
 
It is a white great obelisk situated also in the extreme west of the National Mall in Washington DC, so they are in front of each other. It commemorates the first president of the United States George Washington.

The Washington monument
 
It is made of marble granite and bluestone gneiss and it has a height of 152 feet (around 170 meters). It was designed by Robert Mills, an American architect of the decade of 1840. The construction started in 1848 and finished in 1884, almost 30 years after the death of the architect. This delay was caused for the expensive American Civil War.
 
As a curiosity, in 1884 the monument became the tallest structure in the world until the Eifel Tower was built in 1889, but it is still the highest construction of Washington DC! And probably is going to continue this way due to the laws passed there. Nowadays, it is visited by 800.000 tourists every year. Because of the earthquake and hurricane of 2011, the monument had been repaired many times.


The Lincoln and Washington memorial, one in front of each other

 
So here finishes this post and the architecture part, but if you have some question left just leave a comment below! And we will answer them with pleasure.
 
As a reflection, with these monuments we can see the importance of history in the United States, what made them proud of their country and values and how they learn from the innovations in the rights of people in the case of Lincoln or the union of the country in the case of Washington. Do you think that it is like this in other countries? What about yours? 

So I hope you liked the post and keep reading because we have some topics left!

BIBLIOGRAPHY
- INFORMATION
http://washington.org/DC-guide-to/lincoln-memorial
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/monuments/lincolnmemorial/
http://www.washingtondc-go.com/attractions/lincoln-memorial-facts.html
http://washington.org/DC-guide-to/washington-monument
http://www.nps.gov/wamo/learn/historyculture/index.htm

- PICTURES
P086_Lincoln_Memorial_1280x720_54628.jpg.HTML
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